The Evolution of Music Culture - 1332 Words

Music has been evolving since its creation. This evolution of music has led to a vast variety of music that all people can enjoy. Artists who make good music, are praised and revered for their talents, and recently this has led to many aspiring musicians who want to acquire fame and fortune through their music. In the United States music in constantly evolving, and in recent years this evolution of music has sped up to a very fast rate. Music has evolved for many reasons including, improved technology, and change in culture, and a desire to create something new. Primarily change in music has been related to the culture. During the Middle Ages music everyday music was located in two places, the church and the tavern. This was not a good†¦show more content†¦This can be seen in the tribal music of Africa which consists of drumming and singing. African Americans took hold of the electric guitar and used it to throw poppy grooves over the brass instruments and Jazz was born. Jazz was a type of music that spoke out as a bit of a rebellion against the culture. It was nothing like the music that was played in church, and it was perfect for dancing to. African Americans took hold of Jazz and made it a part of their culture. However racism still ran deep in the American culture and many whites dislike jazz music simply because it was generally performed by black musicians. However white musicians began to play the songs originally written and performed by African Americans, once this began to occur more whites began to appreciate Jazz. Someh ow certain whites thought it was ok to listen to Jazz as long as it was performed by other whites. Overall Jazz music was very positive for the American culture because it helped give pride to the African Americans. As long as the culture continues to change their will be a reflection of this in the music that is composed. America in particular has a culture that is always changing and growing, and this will, and has, lead to a continuing change in music. Rock n Roll came onto the scene in the late 40s and from its start it was about rebellion. The word rock, as used in Rock n Roll, means to shake things up, and the word roll is slang for sexual intercourse. Rolling Stone argued thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jim Crow s Counterculture1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbook â€Å"Jim Crow`s Counterculture† is developed around the issues of racial discrimination, and development of music as a reaction to employment activism. Through the book development of blues music is understood as detailed journey taken by African Americans and motivated by social factors. Its thematic concepts are built around a musical biography. The author has an interest in blues music genre, and its development relationsh ip with blacks and whites communities. He adopted a critical approach towardsRead MoreIs Art Important For Human Evolution?901 Words   |  4 PagesArt is crucial to human evolution because it is both a medium of expression that allows humans to evolve and is also key evidence of human evolution. The development and evolution of the human conscious has a direct correlation to the art created from each time period and has allowed researchers to interpret it, using it as a gateway into early human life. Art acts as a window into the minds and lifestyles of our ancestors. It has influenced the development, evolution, and the process of naturalRead MoreThe Mega Marketing Of Depression898 Words   |  4 PagesCultural differences are celebrated as a way to welcome diversity in todays society. A culture defines the way individuals think by grouping likeminded individuals for the sake of society. Culture is defined as a shared belief, values, and behaviors amongst other individuals. With many individuals being a part of a certain culture, these individuals have different experiences. Essentially, having a different culture causes a different perception of the embodied experiences. Nature vs. Nurture is oneRead More The United States Effect on Puerto Rican Music Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Effect on Puerto Rican Music The United States played an important role in the evolution of Puerto Rican culture, more specifically music. While Puerto Rican culture remains distinct from that of American culture, its historical progression is forever tied with that of the United States. This is evident in the evolution of Puerto Rican music. It is also evident in the experience of Puerto Rican musicians both on theRead MoreBanjo and the Evolution of American Music1422 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, few symbols represent the American culture and spirit as much as the banjo. Indeed, it is not only symbolic of the evolution of American music, but also of the way in which cultural influences and relationships have evolved since the country was young. When the historical roots and subsequent evolution of this instrument are examined, it becomes clear that it has become an inherent part of the history and culture of the country. From its origins as an imported African instrumentRead MoreReflectio n On The American Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Class Sources American culture refers to the traditions and practices of the people of the United States. Culture comprises of the nature of buildings, religion, music language and marriage. The population of the United States is more than 320 million people making it the most culturally diverse country in the globe. Books such as Crabgrass Frontier, Manifest Destination and Muscular Christianity are important sources of information about American culture. This paper is a reflection on theRead MoreMusic Is The Product Of Our Evolution1331 Words   |  6 PagesI studied the hypothesis that music is the product of our evolution and that most mammals and cultures have used music to continue to evolve and reform. Most scientific articles agree that music has evolved throughout thousands of years. Even the first Homo sapiens used music as a mode of communication. But in a biological standpoint, music can be used as a way to express mate selection, as a way of motivation and pleasure, development an d learning, and social communication. The big questionRead MoreAn Analysis Of George Gershwin s An American Folk Opera 1641 Words   |  7 Pagespiece of expansive musical drama was subtitled with this term that no musician or critic had applied to a work of musical drama before the 1935 premiere of Porgy and Bess. Much has been written about the work’s subtitle; its literal meaning, its evolution, and its implications for a changing cultural landscape. Porgy and Bess was the last in a triptych of literature and theater surrounding the character of Porgy, a crippled beggar living in Charleston’s semi-fictitious Catfish Row. Porgy, the 1925Read MoreCultural Event.786 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Event Report: HUM 112 – World Cultures II Abstract Cultural education and appreciation influence economic growth and advance a rewarding intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual life of a people. Community development is a collaborative and facilitative process undertaken by the community that shares a common purpose of building capacity. The mission of the All Cameroonian Cultural amp; Development Foundation (ACCDF) combines cultural sustenance and community development to promoteRead MoreEffects of Mass Media633 Words   |  3 Pagesfollowing: |Questions |Answers | |What were the major developments in the |The major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century were radio, | |evolution of mass media during the 20th |television, Internet, social media, newspaper, and cell phones. Radios were less expensive| |century? |than telephones and had the ability of allowing

Analysis Of The Book Maus Essay - 1907 Words

A swastika, a cat, and two despondent looking like mice. The old maxim goes you can’t judge a book by its cover, but the cover of Maus aptly sets us up for a reading experience like no other. Maus is a graphic novel that aims to display the gruesome, deplorable, and dehumanizing events that occurred during the Holocaust. The Holocaust, in simple terms, was the brutal genocide of over six million Jews by the hands of the Germans. It can be argued that at its core, Maus is a novel about the father-son relationship between Art Spieglmen and his father, Vladek. What separates Maus from various other novels published about the Holocaust, is the medium Spiegelmen uses to stylize his story. Maus is read through a series of expressive comic strips and Spiegelmen opts for animal masks to represent the humans in the novel, which has a multitude of impacts on the novel. The choice of animals associated with their typical â€Å"people† clearly tends to the wickedness of Holocaust, with each animal representing their own allegorical meaning. On the flip side, the usage of animals can be interpreted as means to lighten up a saddening story, and in effect desensitize the Jewish plight. Moreover, after reading â€Å"Prisoner of Hell Planet†, (The short, almost surreal, comic strips illustrated by Spiegelmen as humans, which predates Maus and concerns the suicide of his mother) we truly experience this different set of emotions evoked from humans vs that of animals. There is a striking contrast inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Maus 864 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout his career, working for numerous comic lines. There’s no doubt that Maus certainly was his greatest work. You could consider Spiegalman’s experience to be his best credential. Maus is a graphic novel that depicts basically a cat and mouse representation of the Holocaust. A graphic novel as defined by Webster’s dictionary is a â€Å"fictional story that is presented in comic strip format and published as a book.†(1) Maus tells the story of Spiegelmans father, and his experience as a Jew during theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1077 Words   |  5 PagesMaus Mid-term The Holocaust was and still is a tragedy that is talked about today among many scholars. There are many ways people have attempted writing about the Holocaust, but not all are the same such as Art Spiegelman with his two-volume book Maus: A Survivor’s Tale, which is about his own father’s tale of the Holocaust told through comic medium. Many scholars and writers think that this ironic and experimental approach to the Holocaust is undercutting what really happened. However, within thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1257 Words   |  6 PagesMaus is a tale about a young man who is in search for answers about his own life and his father’s life. Vladek Spiegelman is a survivor of the holocaust who reconnects with his son Art Spiegelman by telling him stories of his past. Art creates a well-written comic tale about the Holocaust and the relationship he has with his father. This survivor’s tale takes you back to the Second World War to tell us a story of a Jew who hardly survived life. The story opens with Art visiting his father to getRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1453 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust in which millions of Jews were killed. Maus tells the story of father who was a Polish Jew at the time of the Holocaust. Maus is also portrayed visually with high angle shots, low angle shots, curved lines, shadows and rule of thirds. Art Spiegelman drew his graphics in specific way, which was to grab the reader’s attention more to the pictures rather than the words because a photo can explain a thousand words. There are two underlining stories in Maus. One story is telling how Vladeck survivedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 853 Words   |  4 PagesAnne Freeman once said â€Å"I know very little about darkness †¦.. except that we cannot stop its coming†. The frame on page 127 of Maus is a perfect depiction of this inevitable saying. In this frame the reader is able to see Vladek and Anna walking on a cross walk that is shaped out as a swastika, and we as the reader cannot see the end of this cross walk. The reason why Art Speiglemen portrayed this subliminal frame precisely the way he did, was to emphasize the inevitability behind not onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 759 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Yvette Bazan Eng. 1301.S61 Ms. Etherington Dec. 3, 2014 Maus: Response Paper 1 In chapter one of Maus by Art Spiegelman, Artie sets out to visit his father, Vladek, in Rego Park after being away for nearly two years. Vladek has remarried to Mala after Artie s mother s suicide. Artie convinces his father to tell him his story so that he may write a book about his life in Poland and the war. Vladek begins his story by explaining how he met Artie s mother, Anja. In the beginning of chapterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1653 Words   |  7 Pageseither because of luck or some sort of economic advantage. We see this theme in Art Spiegelman s book Maus. Many of the situations Vladek, the main character, finds himself in, he would have never mahde through without luck and/or his socioeconomic status. Vladek witnesses people, family members, sent to the camps and die around him, yet he lives. Why is this? One of the first scenes in the book that luck comes into play is when Vladek is caught by the Nazis and sent to a Prisoner of War campRead MoreGraphic Novels : Are They `` Real `` Literature?916 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature. In any aspect, new concepts and ideas that are introduced are always put into question of how capable they are. Many people believe that graphic novels are not a type of literature that can be used in a classroom because they are not â€Å"real books† (Crawford Weiner, n.d). I believe that graphic novels should be offered and encouraged in classrooms. According to Julia Rick, many educators are hesitant to use graphic novels in the classroom. She also states that the reason behind their actionsRead MoreMaus Elements956 Words   |  4 PagesArt Spiegelman’s Maus is a famous, Pulitzer Prize winning tale about the journey of a Jewish Holocaust survivor. Despite the amount of similar storylines, Spiegelman’s creativity with the normal elements of comics has won him high praise. This analysis will focus on Spiegelman’s unique twist on icons, layouts, diegesis, abstraction, and encapsulation as displayed by Maus. Icons are pictures that are used to embody a person, place, thing, or idea. McCloud hammers this concept home by drawingRead MoreBetrayal in Maus Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesalso plenty of mistrust for prior friends and neighbors. In the graphic novel, â€Å"Maus (Volume I and II) Vladek Spiegelman makes it very clear to his son, Artie, that one cannot count on their friends. He makes the point that in time of hardship, friends will abandon you quite quickly. Vladek says, â€Å"Friends? Your friends†¦if you lock them together in a room with no food for a week†¦then you could see what it is, friends! (Maus, VI. 5-6). Throughout the novel, we see examples of this gloomy point proven

Power sharing free essay sample

Central Board of Secondary Education CLASS-X CBSE-i POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT I POWER SHARING TEACHERS’ MANUAL CBSE-i CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing TEACHERS MANUAL i Acknowledgements Conceptual Framework Shri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSE Ms. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step-by-Step School, Noida Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE Advisory Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE Ideators: Classes IX and X Dr. Anju Srivastava Mr. N K Sehgal Dr. Uma Choudhary Ms. Anita Sharma Ms. Sarita Manuja Ms. Preeti Hans Ms.P Rajeshwary Ms. Suganda Vallli Ms. Varsha Seth Ms. Sunita Tanwar Ms. S Radha Mahalakshmi Ms. Neelima Sharma Prof. Chand Kiran Saluja Dr. Usha Sharma Ms. Renu Anand Dr. Rajesh Hassija Mr Mukesh Kumar Material Developers: Classes IX X English : Ms. Gayatri Khanna Ms. Renu Anand Ms. P Rajeshwary Ms. Sarabjit Kaur Hindi : Ms. Sunita Joshi Ms. Babita Singh Ms. Veena Sharma Mr. Akshya Kumar Dixit CORE-SEWA Ms. The nucleus of the entire process of constructing the curricular structure is the learner. The objective of the curriculum is to nurture learner autonomy, given the fact that every learner is unique. The learner has to understand, appreciate, protect and build on values, beliefs and traditional wisdom, make the necessary modifications, improvisations and additions wherever and whenever necessary. The recent scientific and technological advances have thrown open the gateways of knowledge at an astonishing pace. The speed and methods of assimilating knowledge have put forth many challenges to educators, forcing them to rethink their approaches for knowledge processing by their learners. In this context, it has become imperative for them to incorporate those skills which will enable young learners to becomelife long learners. The ability to stay current, to upgrade skills with emerging technologies, to understand the nuances involved in change management and the relevant life skills have to be a part of the learning domains of the global learners. The CBSE-i curriculum has taken cognizance of these requirements. The CBSE-i aims to carry forward the basic strength of the Indian system of education while promoting critical and creative thinking skills, effective communication skills, interpersonal and collaborative skills along with information and media skills. There is an inbuilt flexibility in the curriculum, as it provides a foundation and an extension curriculum, in all subject areas to cater to the different pace of learners. The CBSE introduced classes I and X in the session 2010-11 as a pilot project in schools. It was further extended to classes II, VI and X in the session 2011-12. In the seesion 2012-13, CBSE-i is going to enter in third year with classes III, VII and XI. The focus of CBSE-i is to ensure that the learner is stress-free and committed to active learning. The learner would be evaluated on a continuous and comprehensive basis consequent to the mutual interactions between the teacher and the learner. There are some nonevaluative components in the curriculum which CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing iii would be commented upon by the teachers and the school. The objective of this part or the core of the curriculum is to scaffold the learning experiences and to relate tacit knowledge with formal knowledge. This would involve trans-disciplinary linkages that would form the core of the learning process. Perspectives, SEWA (Social Empowerment through Work and Action), Life Skills and Research would be the constituents of this Core. The Core skills are the most significant aspects of a learners holistic growth and learning curve. The International Curriculum has been designed keeping in view the foundations of the National Curricular Framework (NCF 2005) NCERT and the experience gathered by the Board over the last seven decades in imparting effective learning to millions of learners, many of whom are now global citizens. The Board does not interpret this development as an alternative to other curricula existing at the international level, but as an exercise in providing the much needed Indian leadership for global education at the school level. The International Curriculum would evolve building on learning experiences inside the classroom over a period of time. The Board while addressing the issues of empowerment with the help of the schools administering this system strongly recommends that practicing teachers become skillful learners on their own and also transfer their learning experiences to their peers through the interactive platforms provided by the Board. I profusely thank Shri G. Balasubramanian, former Director (Academics), CBSE, Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training) CBSE, Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer CBSE along with all the Officers involved in the development and implementation of this material. The CBSE-i website enables all stakeholders to participate in this initiative through the discussion forums provided on the portal. Any further suggestions for modifying any part of this document are welcome. Vineet Joshi Chairman, CBSE CBSE-i CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I POWER SHARING CONTENTS l INTRODUCTION l POWER-SHARING: CONCEPT OF ACCOMODATION l NEED FOR POWER-SHARING l CASE STUDY: BELGIUM AND SRI LANKA l l l COMPARISON AND CONTRAST SOME OTHER EXAMPLES FORMS OF POWER SHARING l HORIZONTAL l VERTICAL l AMONG SOCIAL GROUPS l AMONG POLITICAL PARTIES, INTEREST GROUPS AND MOVEMENTS iv CBSE-i CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing TEACHERS MANUAL v POWER SHARING UNIT MATRIX TOPIC KNOWLEDGE UNDERSTANDING APPLICATION Power Sharing : A concept Meaning and the ideology Sharing power = Gaining power Implementation in the family, society and political system Need for Power Sharing Requirements for which Power Sharing is desired Moral and Prudential Reasons l Case Study Political Systems of Belgium and Sri Lanka l How social differences turn into divisions l How accommodation leads to innovation and national integration Application of the principle in other cases like – USA, CANADA, LEBENON, INDIA etc. Forms of Power Sharing Power Sharing Arrangements at different levels and of various types Observation and Analysis of power sharing in Horizontal and vertical systems, among social groups and political parties Searching examples from the country of origin/residence Acceptance of diversity in real life l Aiming for national integration CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 1 SCOPE Democracy is the form of government which is essentially based on the principle of sharing political power among political parties of a Nation belonging to diverse ethnic as well as regional groups, majority community as well as minorities existing in the country. The purpose of this unit is to sensitize the students about the fact that all the Nations and societies have such diversities in their population. Even the countries which follow one language and one religion are not completely homogeneous, and have some or the other kind of demographic diversity. All these diverse groups, if given recognition and acceptance, contribute positively towards the growth and progress of their Nation. If not, then they may lead to civil strife. Therefore, it is required that we accept and accommodate such diversities and extend equal rights to them The unit also intends to create an understanding and appreciation among students regarding benefits of power sharing for the society along with the Nation. Students must realize that sharing political power is not an easy task as, whichever community is in majority in whichever country, it aspires to control political power and tends to impose its will on the entire population, many a times ignoring the interests of the minority communities. This is natural human behaviour which takes place even at the school, college, local and state level. Denial of acceptance and lack of accommodation of the diversity often results in disputes, conflicts and civil strife which are difficult to resolve. Power sharing thus becomes an important component of all the true democratic systems for ethical as well as practical reasons. It is the possible remedy for almost all the socio-political conflicts and basically promotes the idea of team work, constructive collaboration and peaceful co-existence instead of individual endeavour of a person, group or a community for the common collective good. There are various ways and forms in which power sharing can be exercised in different countries. This unit discusses four main forms out of them. WHY TEACH THIS UNIT? Modern world today is full of civil conflict. Except for a few countries almost every Nation is entangled in a conflict of one or the other kind among the majority and minority communities or varied ethnic and regional groups. Democracy is the possible solution to such problems, but only on the condition of sharing political power among the warring groups belonging to various regions and ethnic communities of the respective nations. Through the case study of Belgium and Sri Lanka, this unit will enable the students to not only understand the political systems of these countries but also to have an insight into their problems and ethnic conflicts. This will make the learners realize that hatred, rigidity and lack of political will to share power with the minorities and people from diverse backgrounds results in even more hatred and even a bigger conflict that may lead to disastrous CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 2 consequences. Students will realize that a country is the motherland/fatherland to both – the majority as well as the minority communities. Even if a communitys forefathers came from outside and were not the natives of the said country, the current generations have been born and brought up in the same country and live there permanently. They have their sentiments attached to this land and are culturally, historically and psychologically associated with it. Therefore, they have an equal right and claim over the Nation which should not be denied to them. Students will get to know various forms through which political power can be shared and peacefully exercised in a Democracy while accommodating various ethnic as well as regional diversities and accepting them as an integral part of countrys population. Moreover, todays children are going to be tomorrows political leaders, visionaries and statesmen. This unit will provide students with basic lessons in conflict management, problem solving and Nation building by power sharing; by involving all the stakeholders in the decision making who are also going to be affected by those decisions, not by appeasement, but by making them contribute constructively towards National policies and programs; by creating mutual trust, faith and harmony. LEARNING OBJECTIVES The unit will enable learners to: l Acquaint themselves with the political systems of Belgium and Sri Lanka and understand the challenges faced by them. l Familiarize students with the problems that arise in a country due to lack of power sharing. l Recognize the need for sharing political power in a democratic setup. l Understand the significance of power sharing through the case studies. l Critically examine various forms of power sharing in different democratic countries. TEACHERS NOTES I. This Unit has been structured in the following manner: Section 1 – This section deals with the idea and meaning of power sharing. It also discusses the need and requirement of power sharing for moral and prudential reasons. Section 2 – This part of the unit deals with the Case Study of Belgium and Sri Lanka, power sharing pattern in these countries, differences and similarities and CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 3 result of the policies followed in these countries with regard to accommodation of diversity. Section 3 – This section discusses four different forms of power sharing followed in various Democratic countries. II. The activities given in the unit are of two types – a) Warming up and fun activities b) Methodology/Strategy based activities Assessment criteria given for the worksheets can be followed for the assessment of activities as well. III. Power sharing is not always successful in every situation and has its own limitations. CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 4 INTRODUCTION In modern times, governing people with ethnic diversities, regional differences and a huge cultural variety is a challenging task. It takes enormous effort, determined political will and serious understanding on the part of the government in order to come to an equation with all the diverse groups and minorities of the Nation so as to govern them effectively, to be accepted and respected by all of them. POWER SHARING: A CONCEPT WARMING UP ACTIVITY l Ask the students to observe the given pictures and try to understand the ideas/messages which are being promoted commonly by all of them. l Let the students discuss and brainstorm on these ideas l All these pictures represent diversity and its acceptance as well as accommodation by others. The pictures also symbolize the ideas unity/ integrity, collaboration and team spirit. l Talk about the significance of all these issues in daily life and the political system of a country and relate them to the concept of POWER SHARING. CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 5 A Democratic system of governance is the possible solution to this problem, where the final political power rests in the hands of the people who elect their representatives from all the sections, classes, and categories of their society, and send them as representatives in the government to take important decisions on their behalf. A little imbalance in this situation can lead to conflicts, disputes, and socio-political strife, hence, an intelligent power sharing amongst the organs of the government at various levels, in various forms is seriously required. It is actually essential to the basic design of a Democracy to have power sharing among all its stakeholders and claimants of political power. Activity- II POWERPOINT PRESENTATION l Introduce the concept of Democracy and power sharing in the class. l Describe the meaning of important terms like ethnic diversity, social conflict, civil war, etc. l Prepare the room, if required, for showcasing the PowerPoint presentation, prepared beforehand l Play the presentation in parts, and pause in between to explain the important topics, one after another, with the help of brainstorming on power sharing as a concept and continue with class discussion. l In order of re-enforce the concept of power sharing, give examples from various countries (the ones mentioned in the student manual) and ask the students to note the important points in their notebooks as the presentation progresses. l Draw the attention of students towards the relation between power sharing and conflict resolution. l Ask the student to brainstorm amongst them for 15 minutes on the situation in Belgium and Sri Lanka and come up with their own suggestions and solutions. USE: Worksheet Number – 1,2,3,4 CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 6 POWER-SHARING : A Concept of accommodation : Power-sharing is a method, a powerful strategy for settling all kinds of conflicts, disputes, claims, regarding control and use of political power in a Democratic system. It is the most potential way out for resolving disputes over the issue of holding most powerful position in the political hierarchy. Instead of struggling and fighting over who should possess more political power and authority over the rest, power sharing depends and relies upon the joint exercise of political power. It promotes peaceful co-existence among diverse groups, ethnic Nationalities, and minority communities of a Democratic Nation and creates unity among them. Activity III l This picture is a game related to Indian Democracy. Observe it and try to find out what does it depict? l Does it relate to any kind of power sharing? Explain. USE: worksheet – 8 Source: www. johnbatchelorshow. com Power-sharing also allows the cross-cutting of socio-economic or cultural differences among the people and convinces them to put forward their conflicts demands and grievances in such a way that they become positive and constructive for the community and the Nation. This can be done in a variety of ways. CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 7 One possible approach is to grant autonomy to the diverse groups, regional or ethnic, over a few or all aspects of their own affairs. For instance, this freedom and autonomy can be restricted just to the cultural issues, i. e. , religion and education or it can be extended to cover-up the socio-economic, and the political fields as well. At the extreme level, power sharing can result in granting self-determination, and complete independence, allowing a minority group to establish its own sovereign Nation state. In this case, power-sharing finally leads to peaceful power-dividing. Another approach to accommodation and power-sharing is much more inclusive and integrative in nature. According to this approach, the task and responsibility of governance is shared by elected leaders from regional, lingual, ethnic or minority group within the country. They work jointly, cooperatively and more effectively for the making of better and acceptable decisions, for the resolution of even the most serious issues involving ethnic conflict, and socio-political strife. While exercising political power, taking important decisions and making public policies, they all are expected to be ethnically, and regionally neutral. This approach requires establishment of a well-structured free and fair electoral system which encourages multi-ethnic collaboration and coalition within the political system of the Nation. This generally leads to the establishment of Federalism. Implementation of either of the methodologies on power-sharing is quite challenging as the ethnic or regional groups holding political-power are usually unwilling to give up or relinquish this power. On the other hand, the groups devoid of this power tend to demand a substantial and considerable change in the system and claim a share in the exercise of political power, which the dominant group usually does not accept. Here begins the conflict, which at times, may lead to serious consequences. Rejection to power-sharing, and extension of autonomy, often creates social hatred, and civil discord, which is very difficult to deal with and resolve. However, if the ethnic or minority groups promote their demands, in such a way that they highlight joint benefit of all the communities, and focus on evolving a mutually acceptable method of achieving autonomy, and self-determination for all the groups, they are likely to be more successful in getting their demands fulfilled than they are, if they take a more aggressive or competitive approach. Need for power-sharing Civil conflict is like a curse for most of the countries of the world today, specifically the developing ones, which have huge ethnic and regional diversity, where these groups are even entangled in bloody wars or use violence to resolve the civil strife. This shatters the economy of the country and destabilizes its political system. Even in the countries which are peaceful, demand for the share in the political power is often made by the people belonging to the potential ethnic groups and political parties. Such demands, if ignored, can be fatal. CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 8 Besides this, globalization has added fuel to the problem as what happens in a Nation, in a particular part of the world, affects many other Nations – neighbouring or distant, that too at times in a drastic manner. Justified peaceful claims, violent uprisings, rebellions, and revolutions for a substantial share in the political hierarchy that emerge in one country are quick to be seen in many other countries, within a short span of time. In the modern era of highly advanced technology, where anything is possible – mass destruction, or mass construction, the modern developments in transportation, communication, education, and industrial advancement have exerted great pressure on the political organizations of the Democratic countries. A desire for progress, and growth, a good respectable standard of living, social-justice, cultural recognition, economic equality, growing awareness among people, regarding interdependence have led to the demand for political autonomy and self-determination among diverse communities of a country. People want governments to be more responsive to the citizens, and their needs, they desire even local and regional political units to give expression and recognition to their linguistic, religious, and cultural background, which provides the necessary basis and foundation for a community’s specific distinct identity. They don’t want this identity to be lost, or suppressed. In such a condition, the main objective of the political system of the Nation is not to eliminate diversity but rather to accommodate, reconcile, and manage socialdiversities in such a manner that they all feel important, being a part of the Nation, their interests are well taken care of, their cultural identity well secured, making them to develop a sense of belongingness, trust, and faith in the political system of the country. In other words, power sharing is the recommended remedy for such societies which are threatened by social conflicts. Thus, power sharing arrangements of the Democratic countries aim to reduce the risk of civil conflict by guaranteeing potential land prospective warring groups as well as parties, a positive role in the country’s government and further reducing the chances of political competition and rivalry. It also reduces the risk of people’s resort to violence; in case they don’t succeed in attaining political recognition, acknowledgement and respect as a result of Democratic elections. The major aim of powersharing is to assure that each of the serious claimants; stake holders and political parties get a significant, substantial benefit from cooperation and peaceful accommodation. Powersharing, thus helps in reducing the threat of a conflict by giving all potential parties (to any dispute), a share in peaceful cooperation, and a set of mutual agreements and assurances of social security, and the protection of their basic interests. Such arrangements are planned, well calculated and constitutionalized specifically to limit the ability of the majority community, a larger social group, or a party to misuse the political power or to exercise it for sectional or divisive purposes. So, on the basis of this discussion, we can conclude that power-sharing is genuinely desirable and is primarily required for two main reasons – moral and prudential. CBSE-i CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing TEACHERS MANUAL 9 Activity –IV INFER THE CARTOONS Source: www. ablueview. com These are the cartoons depicting a situation of deep concern in United States of America. l Observe each one of them carefully. l Try to find out the problem and its relation with the idea of power sharing and accommodation. l What could be the reason behind urban violence and involvement of youth in it? l Can you think of any other examples with similar kind of a problem? Explain. Use: worksheet 7, 10, and 11 Moral reasons Morally, power-sharing is the core essence of Democracy as Democracy cannot sustain in absence of power sharing. A Democratic rule is all about sharing power with all those people who are affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. It is for this profound reason that power-sharing is required. People of a country belonging to any of the regions, areas, communities, or ethnic groups of the country have a right to be informed and consulted, on how they are going to be administered and governed. A legitimate government is peoples own government and is whole heartedly accepted by them. It creates such arrangements, situations and opportunities where citizens, through active participation, acquire a stake in the political system. These moral reasons highlight the very deed of power-sharing as important and essential. They are sufficient enough to justify its requirement. Prudential reasons The prudential reasons are based on careful calculation of gains and losses and are much more practical and logical. So, practically, power sharing is a good option because it reduces CBSE-i CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing TEACHERS MANUAL 10 the possibility of civil strife and socio-political conflict. Since, civil conflict generally leads to violence, loss of life and property as well as political instability; power sharing is a good approach to maintain mutual trust and reliance among the claimants of political power as well as the stakeholders and guarantees stability of the political system. Forcing upon the will of the majority community on rest of the minorities of the Nation and compelling them to abide by it may appear to be an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it creates tension, mistrust and unrest among the citizens and undermines the unity and integrity of the of the Nation. Domination and suppression by majority is not just unfair, exploitative and torturous to the minority but it also brings decline as well as deterioration to the majority and the Nation as well. Hence, it is always judicious and sensible in a Democracy to embrace power sharing arrangement. Activity V COMPARE AND CONTRAST MATRIX SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES l Divide the class into two groups and ask them to research upon political situation in Belgium and Sri Lanka. l Ask group A to look for similarities in the political system of the two countries and group B to look for differences. l With the help of student response, prepare a compare and contrast matrix on the class board and explain the case studies in detail. USE: Worksheet Number 5 CASE STUDY: BELGIUM AND SRILANKA BELGIUM Belgium is a small country located in the Western Europe, which has a small territory with a population little over one crore. Belgium has the Netherlands, France and Germany as its immediate neighbours, which also share a deep connection with the historical past of this country. This may be the reason which has made the ethnic composition of this country very complex. According to the demographic data, 59 percent of the Belgians speak Dutch and reside in the Fleming region in the North. Another 40 percent of them speak French and live in Walloonia region towards the south. Rest 1 percent of the Belgians speak German. The state of affairs is just opposite in the capital region of Brussels which has 80 percent of its population as French speakers and 20 percent as Dutch speakers. The majority community of the Nation is a minority in the National capital. Language is a major political issue in Belgium. The Flemings did not enjoy equal rights and status as the French speakers in the 19th and early 20th century. Actually, when in 1830 the CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 11 Nation was established under a census voting system, only around 1 percent of the adult population, comprised of the nobility, rich middle class and higher clergy could vote. All of whom were French, living in South Belgium, in the Walloonia region. A Flemish movement struggled peacefully in order to attain equal rights and was successful in achieving most of these. The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the late 18th and the 19th century further increased the rift between the Northern and the Southern parts of Belgium. French Walloonia experienced quick industrial boom and became economically prosperous and politically dominant. Dutch speaking people of the Flemish region remained limited to agriculture and other rural activities, hence did not develop industrially. Because of this they started getting economically and politically behind from the French speakers in Walloonia and Brussels, who were technologically much advanced, economically well off and politically stronger. This made minority French community relatively prosperous and influential, which was resented by the Dutch, the majority community of Belgium, who got the benefit of economic development quite late in the mid twentieth century after the Second World War. It was in 1950s that the Flanders saw economic boom, while Walloonia at that time came to an economic standstill. As the Flemings became educated, aware and economically sound, they started demanding a reasonable and an equal share in the exercise of political power. This led to emergence of tensions between the two communities. Lots of violence and unrest prevailed during 1950s and early 1960s. The problem became more serious in Brussels where the majority community of the Dutch speakers was in minority and minority community of the French speakers was in majority. SRILANKA Let us now compare this situation with the situation of another country, Sri Lanka, which is an island Nation situated in South Asia, just a few kilometres away from the southern coast of Tamil Nadu, a state in India. Its population is about two crore, which is quite varied and diverse in nature. The major communities of Sri Lanka are the Sinhala speakers known as the Sinhalese, who comprise 74 percent of the country’s total population, and the Tamil speakers, who form 18 percent of the population. Tamils are further divided into two sub groups; Sri Lankan Tamils or the native Tamils, 13percent and 5 percent Indian Tamils, whose forefathers were brought from India as plantation workers by the colonial British. Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the North and the Eastern parts of the country and form majority in these areas, but on the other hand they are a minority in rest of the country. These Tamils are the followers of either Hinduism or Islam, whereas the majority community of the Sinhala follows Buddhism. There are about 7 percent Christians in Sri Lanka, who are both – Tamil and Sinhala. We can easily imagine what could happen in these two countries. The Dutch community, taking advantage of its majority in the population and ignoring the interests of minorities, CBSE-i TEACHERS MANUAL CLASS-X †¢ POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIT-I †¢ Power Sharing 12 could force its will on the French and the German people. It could grab the political power completely and use it for the promotion of its own interests and suppress the French and German speaking population. This would accentuate and aggravate the conflict among these communities further leading to bitter and painful disintegration of the country. Both the communities would scramble for control over Brussels. The same situation could take place in Sri Lanka where Sinhala community has much greater majority and could easily enforce its will on the entire population of the country. SRI LANKAN policy of Majoritarianism Sri Lanka achieved its independence from British colonial rule in the year 1948. As per the constitution, Sinhala community got an upper hand in the governance of the country, Indian Tamils were not given the citizen rights and Sri Lankan Tamils were given the status of a minority. Article 29(b) of the Sri Lankan constitution of 1948 gave special protection to them. For around seventeen centuries the Sinhala people continued to maintain historical awareness through various modes of transmission. The leaders of this community tried to sec

Oregon Fur Trade Essays - Fur Trade, Oregon Country,

Oregon Fur Trade The Oregon Fur Trade In 1808 Simon Fraser, employed by the Northwest Company, made his way across the Rockies and came down what is known now as the Fraser River to the Columbia. The next to come along was David Thompson, who was also employed by the Northwest Company. He too crossed the Rockies and made his way to the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. He reached the ocean in 1811 and found an American fur-trading company. This was the Pacific Fur Trading Company. It was the first permanent Euro-American settlement at Astoria. John Jacob Astor found the American Fur Company in 1808, The Pacific Fur Company in 1810 and the South West Company in 1811. He was the first millionaire in American history. Astor loaded a ship called the Tonquin with everything needed to sustain his fort on the Columbia. It sailed in September, 1810 under Captain Jonathan Thorn. The ship arrived in March, 1811. Astor also sent an overland party led by Wilson Price Hunt. The party departed from St. Louis in September, 1810. Although the fort at Astoria seemed to be doing quite well when Thompson arrived, it was actually quite fragile. Supplies came few and far between. The men were driven by starvation. This led them to establish the Willamette Post to relieve some of the pressures. When the war of 1812 broke out the partners in the field at Astoria were afraid of their post being seized. In 1813 they sold out to the NorthWest Company. In 1814 the Treaty of Ghent helped to end the war with Great Britain. The Americans thought that this meant that they still held claim to the Oregon country. In 1818 Captain James Biddle declared American possession of both shores of the estuary at the Columbia River. In 1821 the North West Company and the Hudsons Bay Company merge. The new name was the Hudsons Bay Company because it was the older of the two. The Hudsons Bay Companys only concern was profit. To make the investors happy and ensure return on their money, the directors in London named George Simpson to superintend field operations. Simpson named Dr. John McLoughlin to serve as Chief Factor. Simpson and McLoughlin started what they called the brigade system. The mission of the brigade system was to eradicate the fur-bearing animals of the region. By doing this, they planned to an area with no furs so that Americans would get discouraged and turn back. In 1820, Hall Jackson Kelley noticed the success of the Hudsons Bay Company. He began to promote the colonization of the region. He printed pamphlets that talked about the region's potentials, which would make Americans rich if they would settle in Oregon. Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth responded to this but when Kelleys colony failed he started the Pacific Trading Company to help develop Oregon. Wyeths competitors were too strong. The American Fur Company had command on the fur trade in the Rockies and the Hudsons Bay Company had command on the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest. In 1836 he gave up. By the 1840s the fur trade was beginning to decline. The change in fashion was a big part of this decline. Mens hats made of beaver pelts were no longer in style. Furs were no longer abundant or cheap. History Essays

OxiClean to Remove Skunk Odor

OxiClean to Remove Skunk Odor OxiCleanâ„ ¢ (sometimes spelled OxyClean) is a great stain remover, but its also a great odor remover. I was having dinner with an awesome veterinarian who mentioned her dog had been sprayed by a skunk. She saw that the dog was wet and bent down to touch its fur. The dampness was skunk spray, so she then had a handful of stinky nastiness, too. I said I had heard tomato juice was supposed to be decent at diminishing skunk-smell. Nope, doesnt work. What does work, she said, is spraying the pet with OxiClean and then very thoroughly rinsing, presumably with soap and water since that is how you are supposed to get OxiClean off your hands if you have skin contact. A Product Of Many Uses This is not an official vet-recommended treatment for skunk spray for a couple of reasons. The active ingredients in OxiClean (and similar products, which would also work) are sodium carbonate (washing soda) and sodium percarbonate. They react to form peroxide, which is an effective bleach and disinfectant, plus is reactive enough to tackle most messes. Its also reactive enough to cause damage to certain tissues. If you read the MSDS for sodium percarbonate, for example, you will find the chemical is harmful if swallowed and may cause severe eye injury. If you spritz OxiClean in water on yourself or your pet to remove skunkiness, you need to be absolutely certain to avoid getting any in the eyes. Plus, you need to take extra care to rinse all of the OxiClean off. You might not lick your hands after washing them, but chances are your cat or dog will. Cat, in particular, lick their fur and are highly sensitive to chemicals. Its best to check with a veterinarian before applying any prod uct to a feline. How It Works OxiClean should work as an odor remover pretty much the same way as it works as a stain remover. The hydrogen peroxide that is released reacts with stain molecules and changes their structure. This makes them absorb light differently, rendering colored stains colorless. Note that this does mean the stains are actually gone; you just cant see them. Stink molecules are like stains. If you change their shape, the chemoreceptors in your nose may be unable to detect them.So,  if you have an encounter with the business end of a skunk, try reaching for the Oxiclean instead of the V-8. Avoid the eyes and rinse, rinse, rinse.

Megalodon - The New Evidence

Megalodon - The New Evidence Does Megalodon: The New Evidence present a compelling case for the existence of this giant prehistoric shark? If youve just watched the encore of last years Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives (retitled, for Shark Week 2014, Megalodon: The Extended Cut) you probably havent gotten your hopes up. Check back here for live updates during the show! 10:00 PM EST: Well, Discovery is sticking with the big lie. Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives is still a documentary, Collin Drake is still a marine biologist, and Megalodon is still among us. Also, reaction in the scientific community was mixed, even though no reputable scientist has backed the show. Apparently, the soap opera actor who plays Collin Drake has furiously been pursuing leads for the past year, and Discovery has the temerity to sit him down opposite the shows host as if hes a genuine scientist. 10:03 PM EST: The phrase Lazarus taxon, as pronounced by Collin Drake, must have taken quite a bit of rehearsal. No, you cant adduce the existence of Megalodon from the (established fact) that coelacanths still prowl the worlds oceans. 10:06 PM EST: Basically, the documentary got my name out there, says Collin Drake, the only true fact stated on this show so far. Also, cute of Collin to make fun of viewers obviously photoshopped Megalodon snapshots, in light of Discoverys own photoshop shenanigans. 10:09 PM EST: Jake Shelton, who is he? A quick Google search is unproductive. If anyone has any leads, email me right away at dinosaursaboutguide.com. PS, that enhanced image of Megalodon chomping a whale is one of the most laughable effects ever seen on reality TV. 10:15 PM EST: New evidence from Collin Drake, from an unnamed U.S. government agency. A satellite photo near Sao Paolo, Brazil, looks like a giant oil spill. but is actually a swarm of microbes. And look, theres a 70-foot shark right nearby, captured in full (fake) silhouette! U.S. National Geospacial Intelligence Agency (yes, it really exists) media relations liaison Linda Strong weighs in. its fun to speculate, she says, but she wont play along with the Megalodon hoax. This one doesnt seem like an actress, she may actually be a genuine person! 10:26 PM EST: The guy who plays Collin Drake, Im afraid to say, isnt a very good actor. For some reason, hes talking about a whale with a century-old spear embedded in its hide, which seems to be veering a bit off track. But hey, Megalodon was as big as a giant whale, right? 10:30 PM EST: Mirena Malik, who is she? No evidence of her existence in Google. If shes really from the U.S. Geological Survey, she should be fired for sharing a table with Collin Drake and going along with this farce, though admittedly Collin is getting better at the scientific jargon. Malik says Megalodon would be the logical conclusion from the available evidence, so now Im thinking actress rather than geologist. 10:35 PM EST: Collin Drake unmasked, thanks to an alert correspondent! Hes Darron Meyer, a South African actor, whose profile you can see on IMDB. 10:40 PM EST: Its supposedly someone named Gavin Curring from the South African Department of Environmental Affairs. Refreshingly, he says Collin Drake is a phony, but not-so-refreshingly he then maintains that that fake South African charter boat disaster was caused by an orca rather than a Megalodon. No such person as Gavin Curring, according to a quick Google search, and the guy is an execrable actor. The depth of the Discovery Channels duplicity is truly amazing. 10:51 PM EST: Collin Drake was 100 percent sure he tagged Megalodon last year, but the shark supposedly dove to below 6000 feet. Stunning disclosure: Maybe it wasnt a Megalodon after all. Drake considered all the options, and using Occams Razor, he concludes that there are actually...wait for it....two Megalodons, not one, and theyre reproducing! 10:55 PM: Martin Isaacs, a researcher and filmmaker for the Australian Marine Biodiversity Project, which doesnt exist. Are you surprised that he agrees with Collin Drakes findings? Conditions are right for Megalodon to make a comeback. 11:00 PM: Good night, Megalodon. Good night, Collin Drake. I need to take a long shower. Â   Last year, to kick off Shark Week, the Discovery Channel aired one of the most shameful documentaries in the history of reality TV: Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives. This two-hour extravaganza starred marine biologist Collin Drake, who was actually played by an Australian soap-opera actor, and had the gall to fabricate a fatal fishing-boat disaster off the coast of South Africa as if it were recorded fact. Essentially, the entire show was made up from start to finishbut enough unwary viewers were taken in that today, millions of people believe Megalodon still prowls the worlds oceans. (Read my review of this show.) Now its almost time for Shark Week 2014, and the Discovery Channel is at it again. Heres the blurb from the official website: In April 2013, a fishing vessel off the coast of South Africa was attacked, killing all on board. A TV crew documented Marine Biologist Collin Drake as he worked to determine the predator responsible. Megalodon: The New Evidence presents Shark Week viewers with shocking new evidence and interview footage.

Growth And Development Of Entrepreneural Ventures Essay

Growth And Development Of Entrepreneural Ventures - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that every business is expected to have certain codes of ethics, which define the kind of interactions that its staff is to have in the course of its business practices. The business that has certain codes of ethics often perform outstandingly in their functions, they products high-quality goods and most preferred by clients. In showing a preference for the products and services made by these businesses. Customers understand that they follow the laid down procedures and standard in executing their functions. Adherence to codes of ethics makes business organizations carry out proper social responsibility programs through which they communicate and show their commitment to the welfare of its workers, other stakeholders, and the outside community. Most businesses that do not have codes of ethics often find themselves in various breaches of the law, forcing them to engage in various lawsuits. Creditors sometimes sue the business for failing to abide by the terms and conditions of sale agreements; additionally, workers sometimes have various issues concerning contractual agreements and remuneration. Ethical issues have special legal provisions to ensure that business organizations that do not live by the law are punishable according to the laid down legal structures. Google Inc., is a multinational American corporation that specializes in offering internet-related products and services. These products include search engines, cloud computing services, online advertisements and various types of software. Most of the products that the company specializes in originated from AdWords. Since the company was incorporated, it has enjoyed consistent growth, managing to become one of the greatest companies in the world that offers internet and related services. The persistent growth has seen the company manage to establish a chain of products and services to take advantage of the ever-increasing internet needs by people worldwide, wh ich are now turning to the internet as the sources of economic livelihood.

Building Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Building Regulations - Essay Example Gilbert   Scott,   that   had   been   closed   in   1982.  Ã‚   The   former   power   station   offered   all   the   space   that   was   needed   for   the   new   museum.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An   international   architectural   competition   was   held   which   attracted   entries   from   all   over   the   world.   However,   Herzog   and   De   Meuron   a   small   Swiss   firm   won   the   honor   of   building   the   Tate   Modern.   The   main   reason   they   won   was   that   their   proposal   wanted   to   retain   much   of   the   essential   character   of   the   building.   The   power   station   consisted   of   a   huge   turbine   hall,   thirty-five   metres   high   and   152   metres   long,   parallel   to   it   is   the   boiler   house.   The   turbine   hall   has   become   a   dramatic   entrance   area   with   ramped   access,   plus  Ã‚   exhibit   for   large   sculptural   projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The   boiler   house   became   the   galleries,   and   are   on   three   levels   running   the   full   length   of   the   building.   The   galleries   are   in   separate   but   linked   blocks   called   suites,   and   on   either   side   of   the   escalators.   The   Tate   collection   of   modern   art   is   displayed   on   two   of   the   gallery   floors,   the   third   is   devoted   to   temporary   exhibitions.   To   the   original   roofline   of   the   power   station   Herzog   and   De   Meuron   added   a   two-storey   galls   penthouse   called   a   light beam.   The   top   level   of   this   houses   a   cafï ¿ ½-restaurant   with   stunning   views   of   the   river   and   the   City.   The   lower   levels   are   members   room   with   terraces   on   both   sides   of   the   building.   The   chimney   is   capped   by   a   colored   light,   known   as   the   swiss   light,   feature   designed   by   the   artist   Michael   Craig-Martin.   The   penthouse   light beam   and  

Crime is Socially Constructed by Society Essay Example for Free

Crime is Socially Constructed by Society Essay Crime does not naturally occur. It arises due to its necessity in certain areas. In other words, it is socially constructed by the residents of crime ridden areas who live in societies that have criminal abilities. This is due to a number of factors, but most importantly, crime arises in certain places because of the blatant segregation of the rich and poor; people tend to live in areas with other people who make about the same amount of money, and in low income areas, people resort to crime to make a few extra dollars. High Crime Areas So generally, areas with high crime rates have these problems because they are poorer areas. The residents of such areas often do not have the options that the residents upper class neighborhoods have. Unemployment rates are much higher in poor communities (or areas with somewhat modestly priced homes, or public housing) and crime, therefore may, potentially, result in a greater monetary gain for individuals of poor areas when considering their other options. As crime is generally defined as something that goes against the law, it may be said that the laws broken in many petty crimes of poor communities were not put in place to protect the citizens of lower class communities. Although some are dangerous, illegal drugs often represent a means (and for many people, the only means) of monetary gain in communities with lower standards of living. Though illegal, drug trafficking is seen as a better alternative than starving by many of the people who participate in the trade. Given that laws are, if at all, at best loosely framed around general moral concepts of right and wrong, it may be said that not all crime would be commonly thought of as bad, when alternatives are revealed. For instance, it is illegal to urinate in public, but if one finds themselves in an unfamiliar area and is unable to locate a restroom, it is probably better for that person to relieve himself behind a tree in a park, than do so on himself, or harm his body by refraining from urinating for too long. Laws Often Overlooked or Disregarded There are a lot of actions that are illegal (and are therefore crimes) that are commonplace in certain communities or environments. For instance, it is socially (but still not legally) acceptable to drink in college settings, where many of the people are underage. And in poorer communities where selling drugs can lead to someone’s primary income, most people do not regard handling or selling drugs as a crime, but rather as a means of making money, and something that must be concealed when law enforcement is in the area. Generally, the people in areas where drugs are sold feel that law enforcement is trying to get in the way of their rights; the people do not believe that what they are doing is morally reprehensible. Crime Created by the Lawmaker, rather than the Lawbreaker It seems that, when residents of high crime areas consider some criminal activities to be unfairly restricted, crime is created by the government, which chose to outlaw certain actions. When lawbreakers do not consider their actions wrong, then to them, crime is indeed constructed by the government, which created laws. But from an authoritative view, crime is not created by the government, or exhibited by law enforcement who â€Å"creates† crime as officers make arrests, but rather it is created by the citizens who break laws that the government put into place. Any society that has laws, rules, or restrictions that in any way hinder the civil rights or serve to limit the actions of citizens will potentially have crime. The lawmakers will consider crime as a creation of the citizens, while many citizens will view crime as something created by the lawmakers who decided to limit civil freedoms. The reason that some areas have much higher rates of crime than others is that as crime is socially constructed, it is done so by necessity. This, combined with housing segregation of the rich and poor, generally designates poorer neighborhoods as areas of higher crime. But crime by its definition comes about in a different way. Values of Lawmaker and Lawbreaker may Differ Crime is justified by many lawmakers by their own moral standards. Suppose someone robs a convenience store, and carries away a few loaves of bread and some packaged meat. The thief probably does not completely disregard the wellbeing of the company or workers whom he robbed. He probably believes that they will still make it, even with the loss of the bread and meat. So in the thief’s mind, he considers that he needs the food, and the vending company does not. Crime is really a conception. Although it is supposed to align with what is not right, or an action that is in fact wrong, when people have the ability to transcend the view that all laws are to protect what is intrinsically right, they can look at laws as restrictions. And generally, as people break the law, they try to avoid those who guard those restrictions (which are the law enforcement officers). It makes it much easier for people who participate in criminal activities to be of this view, as it helps to eliminate guilt. But this view is only applicable in certain scenarios. Most people are not able to blow off a murder by allowing that it is only â€Å"wrong† because the law says so. In some cases, such as with murder, criminals may realize that according to their own morals a crime is wrong, and that explains why such serious crimes that are almost universally considered morally wrong are committed less than crimes that some may label restrictions. And many people do assess the morals of a situation according to their own values when it comes to making certain decisions, rather than according to the laws set in place. It seems that the best way to explain what crime is, is by allowing that it is indeed created by the lawmakers. It is constructed socially, by people who set rules that are intended to govern societies. By setting these rules, they create the possibility of crime, which is defined as the breaking of these rules. Crime can be trivial, or very severe. Criminal offenses generally result in punishment, which is intended to deter crime, but when people do not see their actions as wrong, their main goal is not to refrain from their actions, but rather to find away not to be caught for committing them. The Emergence of Crime Crime is socially created by any form of government. As Thomas Hobbes explains in his book Leviathan, before people become socially organized, and give up their natural rights that may include harming others for personal gain (as there are no laws or requirements in some state of nature except to do what prolongs one’s life), it seems that people consenting to give up their natural rights gives way to crime, which results when one infringes on the life or property of another. Any successful social organization must allow for crime, which results when people do as they please with regards to others, instead of recognizing everyone’s civil rights. Any social community that has any order will have the possibility of crime. People are not perfect, and laws that allow for crime as they are broken must be set to deter the criminal activities that one would freely participate in without rules. People in poorer communities often have more incentive to engage in criminal acts, but it is not necessarily socially constructed by the criminals. The existence of crime may just as easily be attributed to the lawmakers who themselves allow for crime by creating rules for society. Bibliography Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press Rafter, N. (1990) The Social Construction of Crime and Crime Control. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency Vol. 27, No. 4, 376-389. Welsh, I. (2005). The Social Construction of Crime. The Agonist. http://agonist. org/story/2005/12/23/121952/67

Bharat versus India Ideology Essay -- Hindu Bharatiya Independence

â€Å"Bharat† and â€Å"India† Two Ideas of an Independent Indian State Hindu revivalism has been a part of Indian nationalism almost since the independence movement itself began. However, it has gone through many forms and been embodied in many different organizations, often being ignored in the forum of Indian politics. However, the victory of the Hindu revivalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the elections since 1998 has forced many scholars to reconsider the history of such movements, to analyze the forms they have taken throughout the 20th century. This constant reshaping has allowed organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) to survive for decades, though with greater or lesser influence in different periods. Since Independence, it may be better to speak of a â€Å"Bharatiya† movement, rather than a Hindu revivalist or fundamentalist movement. Discussing the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (the first incarnation of the later Jana Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party), founded in 1951, Hansen says: one of the most significant changes in relation to Golwalkar’s [a leader of the RSS] writings was the use of the term ‘Bharatiya’, which Richard Fox has aptly translated ‘Hindian’, a mixture of ‘Hindu’ and ‘Indian’ (Fox 1990: 64). The use of the term ‘Bharatiya’ thus signified an adaptation to the political realities of official secularism, which had made explicit references to ‘Hindu’ impossible and illegitimate outside the religious field. (Hansen, 85) Thus, almost since the founding of the RSS, it has stood for a complex mixture of religious and secularist ideas. This mixture has carried on to its affiliates, such as the BJP. â€Å"BJP leaders, among them Advani, publicly announced that they were irreligious and never went to ... ...ining their political strength. Instead of phrasing their position as a religious one, it has been displayed as a national and social one, allowing them to keep their traditional base of support, while gaining educated and middle-class voters with right-wing leanings. Bibliography: Andersen, Walter K. and Damle, Shridhar D. â€Å"The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism†. Westview Press, Boulder, 1987. Corbridge, Stuart and Harriss, John. â€Å"Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy†. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000. Engineer, Asghar Ali. â€Å"Lifting the Veil: Communal Violence and Communal Harmony in Contemporary India†. Sangam Books, Bombay, 1995. Hansen, Thomas Blom. â€Å"The Saffron Wafe: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India†. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999.

Analyzing Competition Essay

As 2001 comes to a close, Sa Sa contemplates what else can be done to improve profitability and keep on growing. 1. What were the reasons for Sa Sa’s early success? SA SA was creating value for its customers by providing them with quality products at a fair price. Sa Sa was first of its kind to pioneer the concept of discount store for the cosmetics (create and control). It . did is fast in the initial stages of the business (compete) by making the stores bigger and better from 40 sqft in 1978 to 750 sqft in 1985 to 10 stores in mid 1990s. Sa Sa was able to provide value to its customer by keeping the purchase prices low by using â€Å"parallel importation† and passed saving to the customers. One of the other important factor was Sa Sa listened to its customer demand (which products to stock). Sa Sa allowed the customer to touch and feel the cosmetics products that drove the demand. We also see Sa Sa’s strategy to deter the new entrants by holding onto old location. They controlled the inventory depending on the sales rate and the shelf life of the products. Sa Sa uniquely combined the combined the cosmetics product knowledge to advice the customer and provided the products at lower cost in comfortable environment, thus creating value for the customer for the first time that no one has done before. This is Resource Based View, outcome of which gave Sa Sa a competitive advantage. Sa Sa developed the Core competency: Rare: Sa Sa’s core compentancy was rare until it disclosed it in IPO Valuable –yes customers found it valuable and made Sa Sa an household name. The sales people were one of the best trained in the industry but were poached by the competition. In early days the Sa Sa operated as a family-run culture, help retain them but afte the IPO, when Sa Sa changed strategy to be creating value for the Shareholdershard to imitate: it was not hard to imitate as evidenced by the whole slew of competitier copied once known. non-substitutable-yes, there were various product segments/tiers; Sa Sa focusedtop brand names Core Products Business Units End products Porters 5 forces: Industry Rivalry: Concentration: Diversity of the Competitors Product Differentiation Excess Capacity Exit Barriers Cost Conditions Supplier Power Threat Of Entry Buyer Power Threat of substitute What changes have occurred in the stores since Sa Sa’s early success? (Not including the strategic issues outlined in Figure A. ) Sa Sa was able to offer the cosmetics at a cheaper prices than competitors combined with the sales team able to help the customers with personal needs and using customer insights to buy/stock the inventories, Sa Sa had built unique value for the customers. Since the IPO, many new competitors (bonjour and rainbow) have entered the market. They are able to copy the core competency that was first developed by Sa Sa. Additionally very well known drugstores (Watson’s and Manning’s), have started offering the cosmetics! Both have used the existing infrastructure and corporate capital resource to position themselves as significant players with 13% annual growth rate. Many departmental stores have tried to differentiate themselves by providing all products from a brand and by offering free beauty advice in the stores. Some have tried to target the Who are Sa Sa’s key competitors? What implications does your assessment have for the decisions that Simon Kwok is facing about the future of Sa Sa? What were the key success factors behind Sa Sa’s story? What do you see as the major challenges and structural threats faced by Sa Sa? Market research. Review the market research data contained in the case. What are the key insights that you can learn from the findings? Assess the strategic initiatives that Sa Sa undertook recently. What are the positives & negatives. How is Sa Sa perceived by consumers? What should Sa Sa do next? Whom to target? How should the company position itself against the likes of Bonjour? Other strategic moves?

Cause and Effect of Bullying Essay

Why are students bulled? Why are they bulled? What makes other want to bully others? If bullies have victimized you you would understand how it feels to be bulled. You wonder why this is happening to you. We all know that bullying is wrong. Bringing someone down has no beneficial purpose. The person being victimized is going through the hardest time of their life; but to the bully it makes them feel good and take that moment to do permanent damage to the victim. There are many causes and effects to bulling and they both lead to each other. There is always a reason why a person is being bullying or why he or she is bulling. One of the effects of bulling is it could bring down the victims self-confidence. It can cause depression, suicidal thoughts, suicidal attempts, abnormal fears, and worries. The victims would have fear of speaking publicly or joining any sports or groups. It could create sleep disorders, nervous habits, poor appetite, digestive problems, school problems, and rage. The victim can have nervous brake down and frequently crying. The effect of bulling can lead the victim to wonder if they are doing anything wrong, think twice about the actions being taken. Never show them selves or try to make friends. These are some effects of bulling but, why causes bulling? The causes of bullying would be neglect from parents and parents uninvolved with their children. The bullies want to get noticed because they don’t have any attention at home. The bullies like having power over their peers. They think its cool and funny; bullies have an aggressive personality and lack of adult supervision. They are usually jealousy of other who have it better and torment the victims to bring up their self-confidence. They also take revenge on their victims. They want to take their feelings out on others. They believe that by bulling they get power. They believe that just because they have power they can get away with things. They might also bully because they have low self-confidence issues. These are some causes of bullying. The causes of bullying could lead up to the effects of bullying. Bullies bully because they are neglected and take out their anger on their peers. They want to bring others down so they could bring them selves up. They have lack of supervisions form parents, teachers, and school staff. There are many reasons why people bully but they bully mostly because they want to be noticed.

buy custom Hiroshima essay

buy custom Hiroshima essay Hiroshima has been among the greatest horrors of the Second World War; it was a turning point in the development of the war in Asia, the one which destroyed Japanese army by killing hundreds of thousands of civilians and changing the way the world was leading wars. The stories of the people who experienced and survived the horrible event are documented in the book by John Hersey, who went to the bombed country and found the witnesses that shared their powerful stories. The book shows the readers not only the struggles and sorrow of losing everything in an instant, but also the amazing strength of the human spirit that makes the people move forward and fight for their lives, as well as risk everything to save others. The beginning of the book introduces the readers to the six main characters whose stories describe what happened to Hiroshima during and after the bombing. The readers see the reverend Tanimoto moving some furniture in order to help a friend; they also see a mother of three children, a dowager Nakamura, looking at her neighbors house. She feels exhausted by the war and the necessity to respond to all of the alerts, so on the day of the bombing, for the first time, she decides not to react to air-raid signals and lets her children sleep at home longer. Then, the book shifts to Mr. Fujii, the owner of a successful hospital located nearby the water, who is watching the river during the bombing and ends up in the water alongside his hospital when Hiroshima is bombed. The book also introduces the readers to Jesuit father from Germany called Wilhelm Kleinsorge, and young surgeon doctor Sasaki, who miraculously remains unharmed during the bombing, and who begins treating the ijured people a s fast as possible. There is also Miss Sasaki; she works as a clerk, and the bombing causes her to fall under the bookcase and breaks her leg. Therefore, the first chapter shows the readers what the main characters were doing. None of them expected anything out of what happened to their city, and none of the understood in the beginning what, in fact, happened to them. The novel shows the panic, chaos and misunderstanding as people were unaware of the things that were taking place at that time, and the main characters were swapped from their usual routine and had to face a new horrible reality after the bombing. The second chapter explains the readers what happened to the main characters after the bomb was dropped, and how it affected the rest of the city. The book depicts ruins, the havoc and destruction. The writer describes bombed Hiroshima as a place of deaths and devastation; when describing the scale of the bombing, he writes: On some undressed bodies, the burns had made patternsof undershirt straps and suspenders and, on the skin of some women (since white repelled the heat from the bomb and dark clothes absorbed it and conducted it to the skin), the shapes of flowers they had had on their kimonos. (Hersey, 1989) With this description, the author gives the readers a full picture of the many dead during the bombing with the deformed corpses lying around, many injured people losing their mind and consciousness, and no clear understanding or track of time because the catastrophe which happened in an instant happened to change the way of living in the city forever. As the author guides the reeaders through the stories of the main characters, the audience learns that all of them suffered different losses. Reverend survived almost uninjured; he also saw that his wife and a little child also survived the bombing. The Jesuit father also survived alongside all of the other Jesuits because their building was built in a way that could survive earthquakes and other major challenges. However, the priests decided to go to Asano Park because they needed to find a doctor for another priest who was bleeding because of the injuries he got from the bombing. The priests left their place, but one of them did not want to go. Jesuit had to carry him, but when he was unable to do it, the man ran back only to be burned in the fire. With such a turn, the author shows the readers how people were losing their minds over what happened. They were unable to comprehend the change, and they did not understand the bombing. To them, it was something too unbearable and diffic ult. The society was already exhausted by the war; the people were tired and did not have the strength to resist the military attacks. They were living in a constant fear, always worrying that something bad would happen, but they would never think that something of this scale could take place. Bombing was something they could not imagine; it was the turning point that completely broke some of the broken ones and changed the survivors forever. The following chapters also show the readers how the dowager and her children went to Asano Park, the clerk was being rescued with her broken leg, and the doctor worked like a madman to help those who were injured during the bombing and were seeking help in the hospital. Mr. Fujii, on the other hand, had to stay in the water because there was fire everywhere. Buy custom Hiroshima essay

Probability of Randomly Choosing a Prime Number

Probability of Randomly Choosing a Prime Number Number theory is a branch of mathematics  that concerns itself with the set of integers. We restrict ourselves somewhat by doing this as we do not directly study other numbers, such as irrationals. However, other types of real numbers are used. In addition to this, the subject of probability has many connections and intersections with number theory. One of these connections has to do with the distribution of prime numbers. More specifically we may ask, what is the probability that a randomly chosen integer from 1 to x is a prime number? Assumptions and Definitions As with any mathematics problem, it is important to understand not only what assumptions are being made, but also the definitions of all of the key terms in the problem. For this problem we are considering the positive integers, meaning the whole numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . up to some number x. We are randomly choosing one of these numbers, meaning that all x of them are equally likely to be chosen. We are trying to determine the probability that a prime number is chosen. Thus we need to understand the definition of a prime number. A prime number is a positive integer that has exactly two factors. This means that the only divisors of prime numbers are one and the number itself. So 2,3 and 5 are primes, but 4, 8 and 12 are not prime. We note that because there must be two factors in a prime number, the number 1 is not prime. Solution  for Low Numbers The solution to this problem is straightforward for low numbers x. All that we need to do is simply count the numbers of primes that are less than or equal to x. We divide the number of primes less than or equal to x by the number x. For example, to find the probability that a prime is selected from 1 to 10 requires us to divide the number of primes from 1 to 10 by 10. The numbers 2, 3, 5, 7 are prime, so the probability that a prime is selected is 4/10 40%. The probability that a prime is selected from 1 to 50 can be found in a similar way. The primes that are less than 50 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43 and 47. There are 15 primes less than or equal to 50. Thus the probability that a prime is selected at random is 15/50 30%. This process can be carried out by simply counting primes as long as we have a list of primes. For example, there are 25 primes less than or equal to 100. (Thus the probability that a randomly chosen number from 1 to 100 is prime is 25/100 25%.) However, if we do not have a list of primes, it could be computationally daunting to determine the set of prime numbers that are less than or equal to a given number x. The Prime Number Theorem If you do not have a count of the number of primes that are less than or equal to x, then there is an alternate way to solve this problem. The solution involves a mathematical result known as the prime number theorem. This is a statement about the overall distribution of the primes and can be used to approximate the probability that we are trying to determine. The prime number theorem states that there are approximately x / ln(x) prime numbers that are less than or equal to x. Here ln(x) denotes the natural logarithm of x, or in other words the logarithm with a base of the number e. As the value of x increases the approximation improves, in the sense that we see a decrease in the relative error between the number of primes less than x and the expression x / ln(x). Application of the Prime Number Theorem We can use the result of the prime number theorem to solve the problem we are trying to address. We know by the prime number theorem that there are approximately x / ln(x) prime numbers that are less than or equal to x. Furthermore, there are a total of x positive integers less than or equal to x. Therefore the probability that a randomly selected number in this range is prime is (x / ln(x) ) /x 1 / ln(x). Example We can now use this result to approximate the probability of randomly selecting a prime number out of the first billion integers. We calculate the natural logarithm of a billion and see that ln(1,000,000,000) is approximately 20.7 and 1/ln(1,000,000,000) is approximately 0.0483. Thus we have about a 4.83% probability of randomly choosing a prime number out of the first billion integers.

Strategic Systems Integration Planning of the Heelz Boutique Essay

Strategic Systems Integration Planning of the Heelz Boutique - Essay Example Choi (2014, p. 260) defined as, â€Å"software that is distributed with its source code under a license that sets out terms and conditions for use, modification, and re-distribution.† Subramanyam and Xia (2008) also provided similar kind of definition while describing the characteristics of Open Source Software (OSS). It is evident from the definition that OSS is being developed through geographically distributed software development platform and online community for volunteer developers. In the last two decades, Open Source Software (OSS) attracted significant amount of attention from business houses, researchers, governments, and researchers, as a lucrative alternative to expensive packaged proprietary software from commercial vendors due to advantages like lower costs and flexibility (Noyes, 2011; Choi, 2014). Subramaniam, Sen, and Nelson (2009) gave examples of renowned OSS such as Firefox (a web browser), MySQL (a relational database management system), Linux (operating s ystem) and Apache (a web server). Open source development depends heavily on the support of the self-organizing community, users and business clients (Crowston, Annabi and Howison, 2003; Crowston et al, 2007). On the other hand, expensive packaged proprietary software from commercial vendors is being developed by paid software developers and such software is being rigorously tested by system engineers. On contrary, OSS is being supervised by volunteer members. Therefore, a degree of systematic approach is pretty less for OSS in comparison to proprietary software.

New States in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New States in World Politics - Essay Example A new state can be defined as one whose people have acquired through any means,constitutional or war,complete independence in the way they carry their social-political and social economic activities.According to Albert, Brock and Wolff,civilisation has also led to new states being formed,as more nations have demanded self governemnt from their former states. In the wake of the World War II, there were numerous new states which arose. Similarly, after the world war, the struggle for independence in African and Asian countries, led by former World War II veterans who had been taken from European colonies in Africa and Asia, led to numerous new states in African and Asia. While these formations of these states led to the terms new states, these states are now all over fifty years old. Yet, new states seem to continue to blossom every now and then, the most recent example being south Sudan. Formation of new states has continued to reshape world politics in various ways. The major factor affecting the way new states continue to reshape global politics can be seen in the form of the special relationship between a state and a nation. While in common language, the words state and nation are used interchangeably by the lay man, from a political science point of view, it is clear that these two terms are completely different and that they may mean two different things. In a nutshell, state refers to a collection of people who are joined together by a political ideology. These people may not have any social or spiritual connection or oneness. On the other hand, a nation is made of communities who share their spiritual or social values and beliefs (Duncan, Webster & Switky, 2008). Although in many cases the existence of a state coincides with the existence of a nation, it is not always so. In this regard, where there is a discrepancy between the nation and state, the political surrounding that kind of state, both nationally and internationally has a problem. In cases where a state overlaps two or more nations, the state is likely to have internal rows leading to civil wars. The main cause for this is that the nations in the state may not share the same values, and this may lead to the people fighting over values, resources or just general politics. On the other hand, where a nation goes beyond the borders of ne state, the two states containing parts of single nations will most likely to have wars with each other. The formation of new states therefore has a very fundamental role in reshaping international politics (Teller, et al, 1964). A very good example is the demarcation of Sudan to make south Sudan and Sudan states. The issues that had existed for a long time in the former Sudan were the fact that it was one state which contained two nations, on in the northern part of the country and the other in the southern parts of the nation. Once the two states were separated to make two distinct states, the issue of civil war was overcome. However, this di d not guarantee that that the two nations would stop having quarrels. The separation of the two states actually led to some misunderstandings which today are not only affecting the two nations but also international politics (Albert, Brock, and Wolff, 2000). In this regard, t is possible to look at the various ways in which the formation of new nations affects international politics; New alliances With the formation of new states, two things always happen. First, it is good to note that new states are not formed from thin air, rather, they are formed from existing states and the process is always bloody (McCormick, 2011). While in some cases, the formation of new nations can be achieved through strong constitutional rules like was the case for India, the truth is that in over 90% of the new nations are made from bloody processes such as civil wars (in the case for Sudan), or militia wars against existing governments such as the in the struggle for independence in Africa.

Cathay Pacific Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Cathay Pacific Airlines - Essay Example It is with regards to this fact that the research has endeavored to conduct a thorough analysis of the STP strategies that have been adopted by Cathay Pacific Airlines till date. This allowed the researcher to analyze the effectiveness of these strategies as far as adding customer value is concerned. This analysis has been grounded on the basis of situation evaluation that enabled the researcher to explain the environment (both macro and micro) in which Cathay Pacific has been operating. By doing so, the researcher was able to justify the strategies adopted by the airline in accordance with the macro as well as microenvironment within which the company operates. The nature of this research is purely qualitative in nature where the researcher has attempted to analyze secondary information that is available over different scholarly journals, online databases and other websites relevant to the company of choice. The conclusions and recommendations pertaining to the research have been st ated accordingly. It is a widely known fact that the world of business is an ever-changing environment. In such an intensely competitive environment, a leading business sometimes fails to maintain its position as the market leader as a result of inappropriateness in terms of adapting to the dynamic world (G. T. Haley, U. C. Haley, and Tan, 2012; Markus and Loebbecke, 2013). There are certain exceptions where companies adopt prudent strategies that provide them with the necessary ammunition to stay ahead in the race. One such company is the Hong Kong-based airline and cargo carrier, Cathay Pacific. The company has long been known to adopt and implement proper strategies which have helped the organizational managers to compete with the likes of airline giants such as Air China, Singapore Airlines, Dragon Air, Emirates and Lufthansa (CAPA Centre for Aviation, 2014). World leaders and academic scholars have been noted praising the market strategies in particular adopted by the company that has enhanced it s competency in this fiercely competitive industry.

The increase in demand of complementary therapies health essay

The increase in demand of complementary therapies health essay The purposed purpose of this study is to explore nursing students perception on the use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in the hospital setting. The study will also explore the types of complementary therapies used to alleviate pain at the main local government run, general hospital, assessing nursing students knowledge and perception on complementary and their use and to identify possible benefits and contraindications in the use of complementary therapies. The proposed quantitative research will be used as data collection through a self administered questionnaire. Table of Contents Page Title Page i Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 List of tables 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Background to the study 2.1 Definition of Complementary and Alternative therapies 7 2.2 Defining Acupuncture 9 2.3 Types of Acupuncture Techniques 9 2.4 Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture 10 2.5 Clinical Applications and Efficacy 10 2.5 Research Issues 12 3. The Research Method 3.1 Aim and Objectives 13 3.2 The Research Design 13 3.3 The Population 13 3.4 Sampling Technique 14 3.5 Method of Data Collection 15 3.6 Research Tool 15 3.7 Data Analysis 15 4. Ethical Consideration 16 Reference List 17 Time Scale and Budget 18 List of tables Page Table 1: List of Complementary Therapies 8 Table 2: Contraindications to the use of acupuncture 11 Table 3: Adverse effects of acupuncture 12 Introduction Complementary Therapies have established a place in health care and have developed rapidly over the past ten years in terms of recognition, acceptance and use (Peters et al, 2002). Integrating complementary therapies with conventional medicine presents a challenge to all sectors of health care, but specifically to nurses who are at the forefront of providing patient care, health education and information (Chu and Wallis, 2007).The review of the proposed study identifies a number of these therapies but it explores only one in particular; analyzing its prevalence and use, and exploring its perceived efficacy and safety and nursing students attitudes towards it. Pertinent research and reviewing of articles for this review were sought from within the Faculty of Health Sciences and Medical School Library, using Cumulative Index of nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCO host and Medline and the University of Dublin website. Dissertation abstracts, and books that were relevant to the subject were also examined. Keywords utilized for searches included complementary, therapies, alternative, attitudes, nursing students, acupuncture, pain management. Due to the increase in demand of complementary therapies, numerous articles have been written on the subject throughout the years, especially in the last decade. The amount of research available varies depending on the therapy in question. Very few local studies were encountered regarding complementary therapies, as a matter of fact, at the main local government run, general hospital, only one type of complementary therapy is acknowledged. Background to the study 2.1 Definition of Complementary and Alternative therapies Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a wide range of therapeutic procedures and philosophies that are not traditionally viewed to be part of conventional medicine (Smith, G.D, 2009) The Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field within the Cochrane Library defines complementary therapies as a broad domain of healing resources that comprises all the healthcare systems and practices their accompanying theories and beliefs. The World Health Organization defined Complementary Alternative Modalities (CAM) as a comprehensive term used to refer to both traditional medical systems such as Traditional Chinese Medicine, Indian ayurveda and Arabic unami medicine and to various forms of native medicine (WHO, 2004) Thus, the words complementary and alternative can, and often do, refer to the same therapy, product, or practitioner. It is the context of use that changes an alternative therapy into a complementary one. The term describes health care practices such as those shown in Table 1. Table 1: List of Complementary Therapies (Alphabetical order) Acupressure (Shiatsu) Colonic hydrotherapy Iridology PIP Scans Acupuncture Colour therapy Juice Therapy Raw Vegetable Juice Therapy Alexander technique Counselling Kinesiology Reflexology Allergy testing Craniosacral Therapy Light therapy Reiki Aromatherapy Dream Therapy Light Touch therapy Rolfing Art therapy Eye Movement Desensitization    ReprocessingEMDR Magnotherapy Shiatsu (Acupressure) Auricular Acupuncture Exercise Marma therapy Spiritual counselling Australian Flower Essences therapy Guided Imagery Massage therapy Stress management Autogenics Healing Medical Herbalism Swimming therapy Ayurvedic medicine Health Clubs Meta-Aromatherapy Tai Chi Bach Flower remedies Health Screening Microwave Resonance therapy TENS therapy Bee Venom therapy Herbal medicine Music therapy T.C.M. Traditional Chinese Medicine Bowen Technique Homoeopathy Naturopathy Transcendental Meditation Biofeedback Humour Nutritional therapy Tragerwork Chelation Therapy Hydrotherapy Osteopathy Vegetable Juice Therapy Chiropractic Hypnotherapy Oxygen therapy Yoga Chinese Herbal Medicine (T.C.M.) Indian Head Massage Panchakarma therapy 2.2 Defining Acupuncture Acupuncture is a complementary therapy that is being increasingly used in the day-to-day management of pain. It originated in China, over 3000 years ago and is practiced worldwide (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). Locally, in the main local government run, general hospital, Acupuncture is the only complementary therapy to be officially used in alleviating physical pain. Other therapies such as Exercise, Counseling, Music Therapy and others are used for various other reasons in combination with conventional medicine. Acupuncture involves the insertion of fine sterilized needles through the skin at specific point (called acupoints) and is one of the key components in traditional Chinese medicine (Chen, L., 2005). A major assumption is Traditional Chinese Medicine is that health is achieved by maintaining the body in a balanced state and that disease is as a result of an internal imbalance of yin and yang (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). There are five main techniques practiced. Dry needling is probably the most common but electro acupuncture (EA) possesses the most promising research endorsement. 2.3 Types of Acupuncture Techniques Moxibustion Moxibustion involves the burning of mugwort, a small, spongy herb, to facilitate healing. It is applied onto the needle over the acupoints. Laser acupuncture A fine low-energy laser beam is directed onto the acupoint. Acupressure In Acupressure, pressure is used to stimulate the acupoints. This can be in the form of a bracelet or strap. Such method is commonly used to alleviate motion sickness. 2.4 Mechanisms of Action of Acupuncture Alan K. Halperin, M.D in his article Acupuncture in Pain Management writes that according to Chinese acupuncture theory, there are over 300 acupunture points on the body that connect to 12 principal and 8 secondary pathways called meridians. These pathways conduct energy force, Qi throughout the entire body. Health is maintained by the unobstructed flow of Qi that regulates the physical, mental and spiritual balance. In addition, the opposing forces of yin and yang regulate all organs. When the entire system is in balance, optimal health occurs. Disease occurs when there are obstructions to the flow of Qi, deficient or axcessive Qi, or when there is an imbalance of yin and yang. 2.5 Clinical Applications and Efficacy Research shows that Acupuncture can be used in virtually any medical condition, but most Americans use it for pain control (Halperin, 2005). Such pain controls are for osteoarthritis, headache, chronic neck and lower back pain. Studies conducted on the subject also revealed that the mentioned complementary therapy is often seen as a last resort for pain relief. This creates adverse selection bias, leaving acupuncture as an option only for those patients who fail to respond to all other methods and can create unrealistic expectations from patients (Wilkinson, J. Faleiro, R., 2007). There are also many pain conditions which have demonstrated improvement with acupuncture. These include: lateral epicondylitis, peripheral neuropathy, temporomandibular disorders, phantom limb pain, chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohns Disease. Literature shows that although acupuncture has gained much professional recognition, its applications and over all efficacies remains a subject of debate (Chen, 2005). Even so, the risk of serious events associated with acupuncture treatments is quite low (Halperin, 2005). The National Institute of Health (NIH) consensus panel on acupuncture in the United States states that the documented occurrence of adverse events in the practice of acupuncture is extremely low. Nevertheless, Acupuncture is technically an invasive procedure with the most common reported complication being bruising or bleeding at the needle insertion site, followed by the transient vasovagal response. Other complications might include; infection, dermatitis, and broken needle fragments. In some cases contraindications and adverse effects listed in Table 2 and Table 3 might occur: Table 2: Contraindications to the use of acupuncture Absolute Contraindications Relative Contraindications Needle Phobia Pregnancy avoid any points known to stimulate uterine contractility Severe bleeding diathesis Points over nipples, umbilicus, and major vessels are forbidden by conventional texts Inability to remain still for treatment Point over infant fontanel Systemic Sepsis Application during menses (less effective) Unco-operative hallucinating, delusions, etc. If patient is on corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, or narcosis (less effective) Cellulitis Anticoagulant drugs Burns Ulceration EA do not apply over heart or brain. Do not apply in region of pacemaker or implanted medical pump. Table 3: Adverse effects of acupuncture Pneumothorax Local pain Cardiac tamponade Bruising Neurovascular damage Bleeding Infection Hematoma formation Metal allergy 2.6 Research Issues Little research was found with regards to nursing students perception on Complementary Therapies. Moreover on Acupuncture and its use in pain management. It is proposed that the this aspect should be explored more in detail by conducting a small-scale research study on the subject. Two separate studies were conducted addressing nursing students knowledge and attitudes on Complementary Therapies. One of which was a quantitative study conducted in Britain and it investigated the use of CAM in cancer and palliative care and another study was conducted in southern Taiwan exploring student nurses knowledge, attitude and behavior toward Chinese Medicine. More medical research than nursing research exists in complementary therapies, mainly in randomized-controlled trials. However, this field is still poorly researched compares with conventional medicine (Nahin Straus, 2001). The Research Method 3.1 Aim of the study The proposed aim of this study is to explore nursing students perception on the use of non-pharmacological treatment for pain in the hospital setting. 3.2 The Objectives of the study The proposed objectives of this study are to: Identify the types of complementary and alternative therapies used to alleviate pain at the local government run, general hospital (Mater Dei Hospital). Identify nursing students knowledge and perception on complementary and alternative therapies and their use. Identify possible benefits and contraindications in the use of complementary therapies. 3.3 The Research Design It is proposed that a quantitative research approach is used for the purpose of this study. This means in quantitative research your aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables (Hopkins, 2000). It is also proposed to use a descriptive approach; Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. This is so as to explore nursing students own perceptions, views and knowledge on the subject. The research setting is the physical location and conditions in which data collection takes place in a study (Polit and Beck, 2006). It is proposed that for the purpose of this study, the leading government run hospital in Malta which hosts the Faculty of Health Sciences lecture rooms will be chosen as the research location for the completion of this study. 3.4 The Population and Sampling Technique According to Cormack (2000), Target Population refers to all of the people that the researcher wishes to include in his / her study. The proposed population of this study will be student nurses following an undergraduate course in Nursing Studies. The target population will be second year Diploma and Degree in Nursing Studies students within the Faculty of Health Sciences. Sampling is the portion of the defined population who are selected by the researcher to participate in the study in order to collect data. The researcher strives to get data from the sample which will reflect all the characteristics of that population (Cormack, 2000). The participants have to fulfill all of the inclusion criteria, where candidates are proposed to be: Full time student nurses following an undergraduate course at the Faculty of Health Sciences 20 years of age and older Second year student Be willing to participate in the study The exclusion criteria will be candidates who: Students who refuse to participate in the study Younger than 20 years of age 3.5 Method of Data Collection Data collection in quantitative studies may be achieved by various methods such as questionnaires, interviews and observations (Polit and Beck, 2006). A questionnaire may be considered as the most appropriate tool for data collection, since it offers the possibility of complete anonymity. A questionnaire helps to avoid bias which can happen in the presence of the interviewer, by reflecting the participants reaction to the interviewer (Polit and Beck, 2006). As the method of choice for data collection is not yet ready, it is proposed that a self-administered with close and open ended questions questionnaire be utilized; requiring a yes or no answer or completion of a question. 3.6 Research Tool The research tool for this study is yet to be provided. It will be developed by the novice researcher and based on the aim and objectives of the study. 3.7 Data Analysis Results of the findings will be presented either in the form of graphs or pie charts. Ethical Considerations Consent to carry out the research will be sought and obtained from the University of Malta Research Ethics Committee and the Faculty of Health Sciences Dissertation Panel. In order to ensure that participants of the study would not be subject to any harm, anonymity will be held throughout the study. In order to maintain privacy, for those participant who dont wish to complete the questionnaire in the presence of piers; a self addressed enveloped will be give incurring any expenses from the participant. Participants may also abstain from taking part in the study. A participation letter will be handed, explaining the nature of the study to the participants. Since the researcher might know any participant, a blank envelope will be handed.